The medical benefits of Ginkgo biloba extract are attributed primarily to two groups of active constituents: the ginkgo flavone glycosides and the terpene lactones. Ginkgo flavone glycosides, which typically make up approximately 24% of the extract, are primarily responsible for ginkgo’s antioxidant activity and may mildly inhibit platelet aggregation (stickiness). These two actions may help ginkgo prevent circulatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and support the brain and central nervous system.¹ In addition to the cardiovascular system, ginkgo’s antioxidant action may also extend to the brain and retina of the eye.² Preliminary trials have suggested potential benefit for people with macular degeneration³ and diabetic retinopathy.⁴ The terpene lactones found in ginkgo extracts, known as ginkgolides and bilobalide, typically make up approximately 6% of the extract. They are associated with increasing circulation to the brain and other parts of the body and may exert a protective action on nerve cells.⁵ ginkgo regulates the tone and elasticity of blood vessels,⁶ making circulation more efficient.⁷

Ginkgo is also well-known for its effect on memory and thinking (cognitive function). It may enhance cognitive performance in healthy older adults,⁸ in people with age-related cognitive decline, and in people with Alzheimer’s disease.